IAQ 10 (Grace Kinner, Bethany Sheppard, Kenny Nelson, Priscila Garcia)

ANR 286 Godfather Redub IAQ 10

Katherine Collins, Sarah Becknell, Sarah Nicely, Benjamin Butero, and Merci Irakoze

From 1870 to the early 1900’s, European countries rapidly and extensively colonized African land. This "Age of Imperialism" also had long-range consequences including the spread of European languages around the globe, the creation of borders that sparked many subsequent conflicts, and the construction of institutions that made globalization possible." (Jones). Many things contributed to the success of this mission including a lack of unification, limited warfare technology, and a population weakened by the rinderpest virus. This re-dubbed audio is intended to illustrate a communication between the continent of Africa and European countries. Although French, German, British, and Belgian leaders did not politely enter African territories and ask permission to colonize, many parties used deceitful tactics in order to gain control. Ideas such as private property had no translation in African languages and foreign powers took advantage of this by offering monetary and social benefits with underlying political clauses in treaties to be signed by African leaders. The desolate conditions that resulted from years of human trafficking and the rinderpest virus made societies weak and easier manipulate. Don Corleone represents Africa in this depiction and Bonasera represents the European countries.  

Jones, Jim. "Europe & Africa in the 19th Century." Europe & Africa in the 19th Century. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Mar. 2017.

Iweriebor, Ehiedu E. G. "The Colonization of Africa." The Colonization of Africa. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Mar. 2017.

Reader, John. Africa: a biography of the continent. New York: Vintage, 1999. Print.

Original video:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i96VS_z8y7g

The Colonization of Africa and Its Consequences

Natalie Ball, Dave Bell, Loren Weber, Adam Funck - ANR Question 10

The European Guide to Colonizing Africa.

Kenny, Maci, Brittany, and Fatim

The European Guide to Colonizing Africa

References:

"Colonization Strategies." Colonization Strategies - Europa Universalis 4 Wiki. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Mar. 2017.

Iweriebor, Ehiedu E. G. “The Colonization of Africa.” “Africana Age: African and African Diasporan Transformations in the 20th Century.” Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library, New York. 2011. Web. 24 Mar. 2017. http://exhibitions.nypl.org/africanaage/essay-colonization-of-africa.html  

Reader, John. Africa: A Biography of the Continent. Vintage Books. New York. 1997.  

Imagine

Without the Atlantic Slave Trade, there are innumerable ways that the New World and Africa would be different today. One way that they would be different is that the United States and much of Europe would not have had the high level of economic success that they enjoy today. So much of the foundation for our current capitalistic economy was built on the backs of enslaved Africans, a fact that many people from the United States do not want to admit. During the early 1800’s there was a huge textile industry in the colonies in New England, which ran on the cheap cotton that was grown on plantations in southern colonies. This meant that northerners were profiting off of relatively cheap cotton which was “delivered to those factories through enslaved people and the expanding American South.” (Baptist). Without cotton as its foothold into the ever growing global economy by way of the textile factories, the United States would not have been able to compete in more modern times through production of other exports. In addition to the changes enacted onto the United States there were also indescribable effects on the African continent. One way in which the African continent was majorly impacted was through the determination of nations by economically powerful countries of the time at the Berlin Conference, held in 1884. Without the Atlantic Slave Trade, there would not have been so much inconsistency in the development of individual African nations. This is because major European nations like Portugal, France, Spain, and multiple others (there were fourteen countries represented at the Berlin Conference) would not have had the level of economic prowess that they were able to gain either directly or indirectly as a result of the slave trade, and use that edge to divvy up the African continent (Rosenberg). Through the Berlin Conference, and indirectly through the Atlantic Slave Trade, the political landscape of Africa was badly affected, which “set disturbing precedents for the future” (Hardy). Another facet of society that was greatly influenced by the Atlantic Slave Trade is the prevalence of sugar, from sugarcane, in the modern diet. Slaves were initially brought to the Caribbean, Brazil, and other parts of Latin America to work on sugar plantations (Rose). Because of the forced labor from the enslaved Africans, the Europeans were able to produce larger quantities of sugar and other raw materials than ever before and ship them overseas to the European continent. Where "before the sixteenth century, northern Europe’s only local source of sugar was bees.", after the Atlantic Slave Trade got into full swing sugarcane was more accessible (Goucher et al). This influx of sugarcane meant that middle and lower class Europeans could more readily access sweeteners. Without sugar production from slaves, Europe would have likely remained "unsweetened" for quite some time. These are just a few of the ways in which the Atlantic Slave Trade could have affected the trajectory of modern society. It is likely that this horrible institution to have never occurred that we would be living in a far different society than any one person could ever possibly imagine.

Works Cited:

Goucher, Candice, Charles LeGuin, and Linda Walton. "Commerce and Change: The Creation of

a Global Economy and the Expansion of Europe." In the Balance: Themes in Global

History (1998): n. pag. Web. 19 Mar. 2017.

Hardy, William. “Riches and Misery: The Consequences of the Atlantic Slave Trade.” The Open

University. 25 Feb. 2014. Web. 16 Mar. 2017

Rose, Christopher. "Episode 6: Effects of the Atlantic Slave Trade on the Americas." 15 Minute\

History. N.p., 3 Dec. 2012. Web. 19 Mar. 2017.

Rosenberg, Matt. "Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 to Divide Africa." ThoughtCo, 03 Feb. 2017.

Web. 23 Mar. 2017.

"Without Slavery, Would The U.S. Be The Leading Economic Power?" Here & Now. WBUR,

19 Nov. 2014. Web. 19 Mar. 2017.

upload files online

Short Story- Life Without the Slave Trade
Brittany Sandoval, Bethany Sheppard, Sarah Becknell, Natalie Ball Story

     Stunned, I sat in class, learning about the Atlantic Slave Trade. Our professor split my class up into groups and each group was carrying on their own discussion; listing reasons for and against the Slave Trade. I asked my professor what the world would be like if the Atlantic Slave Trade never happened. Laughing and scoffing in astonishment, some students acted as if a world without the Atlantic Slave Trade could have never happened. I, on the other hand, had a different opinion. If the first event of trading African slaves never happened then the Atlantic Slave Trade would have never occurred. That’s when it hit me. I ceased the conversation with my group because I had the most mind blowing idea in the world. If I could create a time machine and go back to the moment when the first trade of African Americans happened, then I could stop the first African from ever stepping foot on a European ship, on his way to an unknown future in the New World. After class that day I set up my base at an abandoned warehouse that my family used to own, where we used to construct carpet rugs. I began looking up ways to build a time machine. Cracking open every text book and searching through every google article; going all the way back to the simplest machine that was ever created. Finally, after weeks I had all the information that I needed. Thanks to Amazon, I was able to ship in the parts I needed to create my time machine. By the time the time machine was finished, months had passed. I set the date of my first trial and hoped that one would be all I needed. The very next day, I would attempt to travel back in time.
      Early the next morning, I woke up, anxious to begin my extravagant journey. I loaded up and started up the machine.There was a jolt and a rush of loud noises yet everything seemed to be going smoothly. Telling myself that it was working, I pushed my anxiety aside and focused on the task at hand. Pressing in the date to which I would go to, I pulled the levers and pressed every red button I could find. A rush of wind burst through the windows and squeezed the air so tight I could hardly breath. Unlike anything I had ever experienced, I felt like I would explode. The feeling stopped as suddenly as it came.
      I was back in the 15th century. I could smell the ocean, and hear the waves. I walked over and could see him. About to board a European boat was the very first African Slave. I ran over, yelling and screaming for him to wait. I caught his attention, just in the nick of time. The rest of my time there was blur. Filled with screams, hours of running, and bloodshed, I was worried that I had made a mistake. What if I went through all of this trouble and nothing happened? I just had to hope that all my efforts would lead to a better world in the end. Because this environment was totally unfamiliar to me, it took me hours to find where my time machine was. Finally I found the machine. I loaded back up and hit the button that would bring me back to the 21st century. I landed back at my parents old warehouse but from the moment I stepped out, something felt off. The warehouse wasn’t a warehouse at all. In fact, I was surrounded by countless numbers of trees, plants, animals, and insects. I started walking, trying to find my home. After what seemed like hours, I finally found civilization. This seemed more recognizable than the unending forest from before. Walking through the streets, I saw people that certainly were not from my little town. Nothing looked the same. There were different cars, and the houses were built out of different material. It seemed like the majority of the population was hispanic, as well. I searched in my pocket to find my phone so I could call home, but my iPhone wasn't there. In place of it was a smaller, flip phone, like the one your grandparents had. It worked well enough for calling and that's about it, but slowly, numbers that I knew were slipping from memory. Still, I continued walking the streets and came across a store that sold televisions, yet these were boxy and bulky televisions - nothing at all like a flat screen. The news was playing a segment on Africa, depicting Africa as ranking second in the Global economy, only to Europe. They showed clips of Africa while talking about their new accomplishment, and what I thought was a third world country now looked very similar to the America I used to know. There were smartphones, bigger houses, and it seemed that everyone there looked happy and healthy.
      I rounded the corner and an old library was still there. I began looking through different history books trying to figure out what had changed since I came back. The TV was right, Africa was doing well. They were advanced in technology, much more so than the world I found myself standing in now. Africa was the leading exporter and importer due to it being the original birthplace of agriculture. In my research, I found that America had never had a civil war, and in fact, due to the lack of labor and the lack of slaves that helped in the war, America was not the United States. Looking closer, the map of America was different as well. It looked like the land was divided up by the British, the Native Americans, and the Hispanics. Each owned a small portion of the country. All of the things that Africa brought to the New World never existed and because of this there was a weaker economy and rampant diseases flowing through my home.
      I slammed the book I held in my hand and took off running to my home in hopes that it was still there. What if I arrived and my house, family, and favorite cow Bessie Lou from our large Angus farm were no longer there? As I rounded the corner to the street my road was on, I could see a house similar to mine, yet not completely the same. I could see a man outside the house. He was tall, and built; yet darker in skin color. He was tending to a large garden. In fact as I looked around, almost every house on this street had men outside tending to gardens. I walked up, afraid of what this strange man might do. As I came into view the man looked at me and said “Hola hijo, donde estabas?” (Hello son, where have you been?) I did not understand what he said to me, though it did sound vaguely familiar. I just smiled a friendly smile. The man gestured for me to go inside and so I followed him. Inside the house, I could smell the most delicious food being prepared. There was a small woman inside and two younger girls in the kitchen helping to prepare the meal. Glancing at the women, she gives me a warm smile on her face. She said “Tienes hambre? Vete a lavarte las manos antes de la cena,” (Are you hungry? Go wash your hands before dinner.) With the little girl directing me, I walked towards the bathroom, washing my hands. Looking up, I shrieked a little in shock at the face I saw looking back at me.
      I had dark black hair, tan colored skin, my eyes were brown, and my hands were rough. At that moment it hit me, my new life came flashing before my eyes and I could feel the old me drifting away. Everything that seemed vaguely familiar came into my mind at full force, showing me the new life I had. With a knowing smile, I walked into the kitchen sat down next to my little sister Stephanie and waited for my mother to serve our food. Grabbing the plate from her, I said “Gracias mama, por esta buena comida,” (Thank you mom, for this wonderful food). As I sat there eating with my family, I thought back to my time machine. It seemed like ages ago that I had attempted the most wildest journey of my lifetime. How easy it would be for me to go back to the world I once lived in! But, then again, why should I? I mean, hey, now I don’t have to turn in my ten page paper tomorrow.

 Sources: https://www.quora.com/How-would-American-history-be-different-if-slaves-had-never-been-brought-to-the-New-World http://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/africanpassageslowcountryadapt/introductionatlanticworld/plantations_before_the_transat https://15minutehistory.org/2012/12/03/episode-6-effects-of-the-atlantic-slave-trade-on-the-americas/ http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/migrations/legacy/almleg.html http://www.africaeconomicanalysis.org/articles/gen/slavehtm.html http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/nunn/files/the_long_term_effects.pdf https://www.quora.com/How-would-American-history-be-different-if-slaves-had-never-been-brought-to-the-New-World https://www.quora.com/How-would-Africa-be-today-if-colonialism-never-happened

Prompt: We made a fictional history book. Below is the summary of a chapter from this books that talks about different aspects of American life as if the Slave Trade never happened. Below the fictional chapter summary there is an explanation of how US history is different than our fictional US history book. American History Chapter 1.1 Summary: American Culture Music-Spirituals were songs composed and sang in the early history of America by slaves that worked in farms. The authors of such melodies were of different cultural backgrounds and therefore spoke different languages. Slaves varied from native americans, native Mexican, native brazilian, chinese slaves, and war slaves from different parts of Europe. Since these groups of people did not share one language in common they created a way to communicate their feelings, struggles, wishes, and at times little hope with each other. This language was music, specifically called spirituals. Spirituals in essence were the unison of musical instruments and at times voices that shared common themes such as tragedy, sadness, tiredness, resentment, and at times courage. As one might imagine these melodies were mainly only musical having a great variety of instruments and had little to no words. If words were present they were normally in the language of the author or of the author’s choice. Spirituals played a big role in our history because it is one way in which all these cultures were united and how they eventually found freedom in our country. Food- Slaves from China and Latin America had a very high influence on the contemporary food consumed within the United States. A majority of the dishes that are prepared contain rice. Plantains, Guava,Chayote Squash, Mangos, soybeans, seaweed, and bok choy are popular foods in the U.S.. Dishes such as tortillas, tamales, tacos, pupusas, and arepas are also served in many households. Sports: Popular sports today include football, baseball, basketball, and soccer. Although each is popular to different groups, they are prominent sports in the United States. Baseball has origins tied to cricket, which came from Europe. Basketball and football were late inventions in the U.S. itself. Soccer’s popularity stems from Spanish colonists that settled in the south and west of the United States. Life and Language in the North and the South: The North with its English colonial influences has larger cities. The cities have higher population concentrations and are very industrialized relative to the South. The Infrastructure is sprawling with large communities usually based on neighbors, families and economic class. The South has a very agrarian and mineral based economy with smaller towns and a looser infrastructure. This loose infrastructure and diversity of spoken language (English, Spanish, French, Creole and some indigenous) helped the North triumph in freeing the Southern slaves. This made it difficult for the South and some of the damages can still be seen. The South did bounce back though, at first through share cropping. Now the economy of the South is chiefly based on corn production, coal and natural gas extraction, and some tourism. ___________________________________________________________________________________ Spirituals were present during the time the slaves were present in the US. They were African American monophonic and a cappella songs that usually had religious theme. Spirituals are the ancestor of what we know today as blues. Through spirituals people were able to provide comfort and distract their minds from the fact that they were slaves ("African American Spirituals”). Sports in the U.S. would not be different. The Slave Trade did not bring sports from or to Africa as part of trading slaves. Soccer was already present in Africa. Baseball, basketball, and football introduced by colonists did not gain popularity in Africa. The development of football, baseball, and basketball occurred after the Slave Trade. Overall the slave trade had a large impact on the way the United States is today. The slaves in which came into the U.S didn’t just benefit the slave owners , they brought prosperity to the country as a whole. Think about it , the music in which you listen to , the food in which you eat, the words that you speak , what you watch on t.v, are all influenced by slaves. Without the slave trade the U.S would have very similar culture to that of Britain,but due to the exposure of slaves we have so much diversity within our culture. Chinese slaves brought rice seeds and knowledge of its production. The Latin American slaves influenced the maize based dishes that were commonly served in American households. Both Latin American and Chinese cuisines brought a variety of fruit and vegetables within the United States and other crops that were traded with slaves that brought them to the United States. Without the use of African slaves, the English probably would not have come along and dominated the south and it would likely still have major Native, French and Spanish influences. Regardless, the south would have industrialized slower and probably found someone to enslave. The North likely would have developed and industrialized much the same. The major difference is that the south probably would have had a different culture, but economically would have been similar. The civil war probably still would have happened for the reasons. The participants would have likely been different but the dynamic, similar. Sports sources: http://www.wbsc.org/history-of-baseball/ https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/who-we-are/the-game/ http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0875085.html http://www.athleticscholarships.net/history-of-soccer-football.htm Music section sources: "African American Spirituals." African American Spirituals. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2017 Raboteau, Albert J. "The Secret Religion of the Slaves." Christian History | Learn the History of Christianity & the Church. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2017. Priscila’s imagination for the first paragraph. Food Sources: http://nbclatino.com/2013/10/17/latino-other-ethnic-influences-changing-americas-food-choices/ http://www.asian-nation.org/asian-food.shtml Life and Language in the North and the South sources: "Colonists." Annenberg Learner. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2017. Jaffee, Author: David. "Industrialization and Conflict in America: 1840–1875 | Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art." The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2017.

Re-upload of Question #8

file backup online

Lyrics to Rewrite of Waka Waka 

[Intro]

Ooeh

[Verse 1]

They were good soldiers

They lost the battle

They came and took them

Took them afar

Far from their village

[Verse 2]

No one’s at home now

Everyone's starving

It’s getting serious

Who’s going to grow food

It seems like it’s over

[Bridge]

The slave trade is on

We feel it

Our freedom is gone

Believe it

[Verse 3]

We gave them our gold, gold

And they gave us their hard chains,

Tsamina mina zangalewa

It happened in Africa

Tsamina mina, eh eh

Waka waka, eh eh

Tsamina mina zangalewa

What do we do now?

[Verse 4]

Listen to their guns

We are all at war now

We’re divided

They colonized

Now they are in control

[Verse 5]

Now it’s all we know

Slaves are currency

New economy

Changing our culture

Corn and cassava

[Verse 6]

Yesterday has gone away

Africa feels it

Slavery paved the way

Believe it

[Verse 7]

If we get down we get up, oh

When we get down we get up, eh

Tsamina mina zangalewa

It’ll get better

Tsamina mina, eh eh

Waka waka, eh eh

Tsamina mina zangalewa

Anawa a a

Tsamina mina, eh eh

Waka waka, eh eh

Tsamina mina zangalewa

This time for Africa

[Verse 8: [Zolani sings]

Ame la mejole biggi biggi mubbo wa ET to Zet

Asi tsu zala makyuni biggi biggi mubbo from East to West

Asi waga waga ma eh eh waga waga ma eh eh

Zania zizwe mazi buye

cuz this is africa

[Bridge: Voice]

Tsamina mina, Anawa a a

Tsamina mina

Tsamina mina, Anawa a a

[Verse 9]

Tsamina m

Ina, eh eh

Waka waka, eh eh

Tsamina mina zangalewa

Anawa a a

Tsamina mina, eh eh

Waka waka, eh eh

Tsamina mina zangalewa

This time for Africa

[Verse 10][2x]

Django eh eh [2x]

Tsamina mina zangalewa

Anawa a a

[Outro][2x] 

This time for Africa

[2x]

We're all Africa

The impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on the African continent was drastic. Once a thriving and growing society, Africa was left with a deteriorating economy. Agriculture was such a significant part of the economy for African countries that the lack of available workforce was severely draining. Some sources say that 30 to 60 percent of the entire population was enslaved (Reader, 291). Intensive agricultural labor was left to those remaining.

Along with the slave trade, outside influence also brought guns and gunpowder to the country. This escalated war in areas and made it easier for slaves to be captured and shipped from their homeland. It was also much easier for European powers to establish civilizations in Africa which contributed to a change in culture and the stunted economic growth. When the desirability of African slaves was discovered, so were the abundant natural resources of the continent. These resources were exotic to exporters and became popular in overseas countries. Examples of resources include crops such as plantains and yams as well as items like ivory, beeswax, gum Arabic,dyes gold and timber.

The slave trade also commercialized local indigenous economies creating a demand for imported goods. The goods that were commonly imported were textiles, metal goods, cloth, copper, iron, alcohol. To some extent, the larger importation blocked the development of industrialization in the continent. Selling slaves was a more profitable enterprise than manufacturing. The few manufacturing activities that existed were either destroyed or denied conditions to grow. Cheap textiles from Europe, for instance, undermined local cloth production. The iron tools used before the Atlantic slave trade were made locally. However, as the Europeans were exporting their articles made of iron and steel to Africa, the demand for locally made tools and articles decreases significantly.

Moreover, the slave trade led to the introduction of two crops in Africa from the New World: Maize and Cassava. Of the two new crops, cassava offered more advantages to Africa’s agricultural communities. It could be harvested at any altitude and in any type of soil which broadened food production opportunities. In addition, mature cassava tubers could be left underground for up to two years or more. No other African crop could be stored for that long. Keeping crops in the ground was a way to prevent raiders from finding them and take them.  

Maize also offered storage advantages but its main quality was high productivity. Maize could produce nine times more grain per unit of labor than either millet or sorghum, but only where soils were sufficiently fertile and well-watered. Unlike cassava, maize cannot tolerate poor soils and drought. The other qualities of maize include the absence of indigenous pests and a husk which protected the cobs from birds. Overall, maize enabled more intensive use of fertile lands, and cassava allowed unproductive regions to be put into use.

In the 1800’s when the trading of slaves was abolished, valuable or in demand products were still being traded. Much of the labor after the slave trade ended involved production of commodities only available in Africa. Producing commodity crops instead of producing products for local sales or personal consumption became more prominent.  

Original parts of the song have been included because we found them relatable and they add to the the quality of our recording. The original song is titled “Zangalewa” and was created to pay tribute to African skirmishers. Several parts of the song are in Fang, a language mostly spoken in Gabon, Southern Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea and a little east of the Central Africa. It is important to notice that those countries were the first territories that the Portuguese sailors conquered in Africa and also exchanged slaves from.

“Tsamina mina” means “come” and “waka waka” means do it. We took this as a call for Africans to come together and rebuild the continent. “Zangalewa” means “Who called you? Who sent you?”. We interpret this as the Africans blaming the Europeans traders and asking why they came in their villages destroying everything they had.

Biography 

Whatley, Warren, and Rob Gillezeau. "The Impact of the Slave Trade on African Economies."       (1968): n. pag. University of Michigan, Department of Economics, 23 May 209. Web. 8         Mar. 2017.

Reader, John. Africa: A Biography of the Continent. New York: A.A. Knopf, 1998. Print.

http://angadimogarnoottandiloode.blogspot.com/2010/07/what-is-waka-waka-tsamina-tsamina-mina.html

The Impact of the Slave Trade on agriculture and the economy of Africa

Fresh Prince Rap Cover

By: Brittany Sandoval, Bethany Sheppard, Natalie Ball, Sarah Becknell

**Lyrics in Description**

Works Cited: 

Obadina, Tunde. "Africa Economic Analysis - Slave trade: a root of contemporary African Crisis." Africa Economic Analysis - Slave trade: a root of contemporary African Crisis. http://www.africaeconomicanalysis.org/articles/gen/slavehtm.html

"Impact of the Slave Trade in Africa." New York Public Library. N.p., n.d. Web. http://www.inmotionaame.org/migrations/topic.cfm;jsessionid=f8301398521488872235558?migration=1&topic=9&bhcp=1

"Impact of the Slave Trade of Africa." In Motion AAME. The New York Public Library. Web. 10 Mar. 2017. <http://www.inmotionaame.org/migrations/topic.cfm;jsessionid=f83023631489081535613?migration=1&topic=9&bhcp=1>.

M’bokolo, Elikia. "The Impact of the Slave Trade on Africa." Le Monde Diplomatique. N.p., 01 Apr. 1998. Web. 10 Mar. 2017. <http://mondediplo.com/1998/04/02africa>.

"Riches & Misery: The Consequences Of The Atlantic Slave Trade." OpenLearn. The Open University, 25 Feb. 2014. Web. 10 Mar. 2017. <http://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/riches-misery-the-consequences-the-atlantic-slave-trade>.

Effects of Slave Trade on Africa

The economy was ruled by a small percentage of people and the wealth became concentrated. Material trading led to the development African currency called cowries. Slave trade increased as time went on, exporting millions of slaves. What this meant for Africa was a huge loss of labor as the population of workers decreased. This meant Africa could not increase their economy through agriculture and other labor based fields and that the development of Africa’s economy was stunted. Another tragic result from the slave trade was that it divided the different groups of people within Africa since the great majority of the slaves were sold by opposing African groups. Guns were traded to Africa to assist the opposing factions in fighting with each other. Slaves were made of the losers, increasing warfare to produce more slaves. Predatory regimes arose that sold familiars and strangers alike as slaves. With increased wealth, rich Africans purchased more luxury goods than they did before. Due to the loss of population in Africa, foreign regions were able to colonize the continent more easily. Africa was and still is facing the negative effects of the slave trade.

Works Cited

Obadina, Tunde. "Slave trade: a root of contemporary African Crisis." Africa Economic Analysis. Africa Economic Analysis 2005, 23 Jan. 2008. Web. 8 Mar. 2017.

"Slave Trade: Western Africa." Encyclopedia of Africa: South of the Sahara, Gale, 1997. World History in Context, link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/BT2344200745/WHIC?u=oak30216&xid=68d2bbe3. Accessed 9 Mar. 2017.

Wright, Donald R. "Slavery in Africa." Slavery in Africa. Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2000, n.d. Web. 09 Mar. 2017.

Obadina, Tunde . "Slave trade: a root of contemporary African Crisis." Africa Economic Analysis. N.p., 1 Jan. 2008. Web. 12 Mar. 2017.

"The effect of slavery in Africa." National Museums Liverpool. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Mar. 2017.

"The Transatlantic Slave Trade." Immotion AAME. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Mar. 2017. <http://www.inmotionaame.org/print.cfm;jsessionid=f8302538121489336638521?migration=1&bhcp=1>.

An African dealer marches Slaves to the coast where they will be sold. Digital image. BRH. BRH, n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2017.

Slaves Going onto a Ship. Digital image. Yelhispressing. Yelhispressing, n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2017.

"The Slave Trade - Knowledge and Defense - Star Wars LCG - Star Wars Card Spoilers." Card Game DB. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2017.

Black Male Holding Money. Digital image. Our Black News. Wordpress, n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2017. <http://ourblacknews.com/2016/10/26/governors-35-million-for-mn-black-community-hits-the-streets-friday/

Webmaster. "Webmaster." Therez Fleetwood. Webmaster http://therezfleetwood.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/therez-fleetwood-website-logo.jpg, 29 June 2016. Web. 16 Mar. 2017.