Thursday, May 4, 2017
Wednesday, May 3, 2017
What caused the South Sudan famine of 2017?
Sources:
Beaubien, Jason. "Why The Famine In South Sudan Keeps Getting
Worse." NPR. NPR, 14 Mar. 2017. Web. 10 Apr. 2017.
<http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/03/14/520033701/why-the-famine-in-south-sudan-keeps-getting-worse>.
"Civil War in South Sudan." Council on Foreign
Relations. Council on Foreign Relations, 10 Apr. 2017. Web. 10 Apr. 2017.
<http://www.cfr.org/global/global-conflict-tracker/p32137#!/conflict/civil-war-in-south-sudan>.
"Famine Declared in Part of South Sudan's Unity
State." Al Jazeera. Al Jazeera, 21 Feb. 2017. Web. 10 Apr.
2017. <http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/02/famine-declared-part-south-sudan-unity-state-170220081516802.html>.
"South Sudan Famine: Eating Water Lilies to
Survive." Al Jazeera. Al Jazeera, 28 Feb. 2017. Web. 10 Apr.
2017. <http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/02/south-sudan-famine-eating-water-lilies-survive-170228050621672.html>.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/famine-declared-in-south-sudan-with-100000-people-facing-starvation/2017/02/20/f6eb9336-f778-11e6-aa1e-5f735ee31334_story.html?utm_term=.ee4a7f57e5f5
https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-02-20/south-sudan-declares-famine-aid-groups-lament-man-made-tragedy
http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/39107125
Creative Writing Prompt: Grace Kinner
Grace Kinner
ANR 286
Dr. Mary Parr
Prompt: How have NGOs and aid organizations impacted the trajectory of agricultural practices on the African continent?
As I stepped off the plane and felt the heat hit my face, I knew that I had made the right decision. After months of soul-searching and wondering if I should apply for a position that would take me halfway around the world, I could feel the rightness of the choice radiating under my skin. The hot April sun beating down on the brim of my hat, I squinted, searching among the sea of faces to find the driver that had been sent for me. As I scanned the crowd of people waiting to greet their loved ones, I heard a name cry out “Ms. Morgan! Ms. Morgan!” I turned around and saw a friendly looking man approaching me. As he approached he said my name again, this time in a questioning tone, to confirm that I was who he was in search of. “Hello, nice to meet you!” I exclaimed in a probably too excited tone. “Hello, Ms. Morgan. My name is Oumar. Welcome to Bamako. I’m here to take you to the Global Partners for Change office.” As he helped me carry my bags to his car, we chatted about where I was from and how I felt about being in Mali.
My first week working with GPC went by in a flash. It was mostly just spent doing introductions to members of the team I would be working on, meetings with community members involved with the organization, and lots of trainings on the particulars that my newly found work environment would entail. The organization that I had come to Bamako to work for largely focused on encouraging community development and economic entrepreneurship through the implementation of public programs and the drafting of policies pushed for by community members themselves. The main area of concern revolves around the agricultural sector and alleviating the hardships that many other aid organizations have either knowingly or unknowingly placed onto the lives of those who live in the surrounding areas. These programs are important because, as I learned through previously held positions and my educational background, many of the charities and aid organizations that simply give away things to the ‘poor people in Africa’ have no real concept of the damage that their good-hearted actions can have on the local economies in the regions that their donations are sent to.
The evening before my second week of work was to begin, I spent most of the night reminiscing on what all led me to this point in my life, thinking back on the years I had spent as a child believing that by simply giving food or clothes or any number of other goods to people in need that the things that were wrong with the world would be alleviated. This is what a lot of communities push for. We’re taught that it is a good way to help people who aren’t as fortunate at us, but what we aren’t taught is that there are lasting repercussions to this mentality. I now recognize the flaws within this and the paternalism that I had subconsciously learned through my community’s perception of how to give. Growing in my understanding of this issue is a big chunk of why I chose the line of work that I did, in order to work to rectify some of these problems that I could see within the foreign aid industry.
I fell asleep on the futon provided for me in the home of a coworker, where I was staying as I awaited my more permanent work assignment. I woke to the sun streaming across my face through the slats of the blinds the next morning. As I brushed my teeth and washed my face, I began anticipating the meeting I was to have later with a potential project leader. It wasn’t a far walk to the office building, and as I made my way through the front door I noticed a woman standing near the meeting room. I assumed that she was the project leader I would be speaking with, and that assumption proved correct. She was a young woman, but the heaviness in her dark brown, hooded eyes made her seem far older, far wiser than her youth revealed. “Hello Ms. Morgan, my name is Mariam Doumbia.” After we exchanged pleasantries, and I asked her to call me Leah, she welcomed me to sit next to her. She told me that she had lived in a small town outside of Bamako all her life and that she had worked with Global Partners for Change for quite some time. After some small talk, she said to me “I had hoped to share a bit of my story, and the story that is common throughout much of Africa, with you today before moving onto what your position with us will be.”
“I grew up not too far from here and was the youngest of five children.” She began. “My parents both worked very hard to feed us and keep us well clothed. Unfortunately, this wasn’t always an easy task. When famines hit our region at least five years before I was born many many groups and charities came here to help take care of those who were unable to take care of themselves. It was good of them to come and help those who were struggling, but years and years after the famine was over, they were still here. They are still here. They give away food and clothing, disrupting our local economies, all the while portraying themselves as do-gooders. Their continuous supply of ‘help’ has caused many hardships on this community. Tell me, have you ever known anyone, friends or family or neighbors, who have grown rich by being given charity? How can we expect to grow when we are constantly being given handouts?” Of course, I didn’t have an answer for this other than an affirmation of what she was saying.
As she began to get into the fine details about the way that the NGOs impacted her community, I could feel the fire in the words she spoke. Her voice didn’t quiver or crack, but grew stronger as she delved deeper into what had happened to her people, to her community, and communities like her all throughout the country and the continent. “They create dependency within our countries, and within our communities. The food that they give away for free does not come from the hands of our farmers, but the hands of Americans and Europeans whose governments requires their corn and their rice and their soy to be used in the aid they provide. The tons of food products that are being shipped here and sold or given to our hungry people for low costs create excess supply, which makes everything much much cheaper. They also do this through the mountains of secondhand clothing that get dropped at our feet. When there are free clothes as far as the eye can see, what motivation do you think farmers have to grow our cotton? What motivation do seamstresses and tailors have to make clothing to sell? There is no market for them. All of this hurts our farmers and our workers, who cannot make enough money on the crops they are trying to sell or the products they are trying to make. They are taking away money from the hands of the ones who raise our crops and make our goods by doing this, and it is hurting our potential for economic growth.”
Her words resonated with me, reiterating ideas that I had read about in theories books, but never witnessed firsthand. Never felt the weight of their meaning sink to the pit of my stomach as I heard from someone who lived this experience. As we moved on to talking about what my role would be in all of this, Mariam spoke about some work that she needed help with, work that she could teach me how to do. This was important to me, the way that it was presented I mean. She would be the one in charge, along with voices from others within the community, and I would use the skills I had to make sure what they wanted came to fruition. The goal of the program that she hoped to implement would create regulations on a governmental level that limited the food imports from foreign aid entities, while also putting incentives in place for people to purchase food and clothing products from local vendors. My role in all of this will be drafting the policies, which each member of the program will review to reach a consensus. My role would strictly be to provide a service to the people leading the program, the people directly impacted by these issues. That’s the way it should be.
Months after I first met with Mariam our conversation continued to reverberate within my mind. One thing she said in particular really stuck with me, and I think that it is something that more people who wish to do aid work should consider. It is this: “Having a heart for the poor isn’t hard, but having a mind for the poor. That’s the challenge.”
Works Cited:
Aid for Africa? No Thanks. Perf. Andrew Mwenda. TEDGlobal 2007. TED: Ideas Worth Spreading, June
2007. Web. 30 Apr. 2017.
Barrett, Christopher B. "Food Aid’s Intended and Unintended Consequences." (2006): 2-25. Cornell
University. Web. 09 Apr. 2017.
Griffin-Angus, Mariah. "Why Sending Your Old Clothes to Africa Doesn't Help." HuffPost Canada. The
Huffington Post, 25 Aug. 2012. Web. 01 May 2017.
Hoffman, Stocky. "Food Aid Does NOT Help Africa: It IS the Problem." The African Economist, 25 Jan.
2013. Web. 09 Apr. 2017.
Hughes, Dana. "U.S. Food Aid Contributing to Africa's Hunger?" ABC News. ABC News Network, 29 Oct.
2009. Web. 10 Apr. 2017.
Swanson, Ana. "Does Foreign Aid Always Help the Poor?" World Economic Forum, 23 Oct. 2015. Web. 01
May 2017
Poverty Inc. Dir. Michael Matheson Miller. By Michael Matheson Miller, Simon Scionka, and Jonathon
Witt. Perf. Robert Sirico. Fighting Poverty Is Big Business: But Who Profits the Most? N.p., 2014.
Web. 01 May 2017.
Woodward, Andrea R. "The Impact of U.S. Subsidies on West African Cotton Production." Food Policy for
Developing Countries: The Role of Government in Global, National, and Local Food Systems.
Cornell University Division of Nutritional Sciences, 2007. Web. 03 May 2017.
Final Project: Priscila Garcia
Topic: Are there urban farms in Morocco? What do they look like? What are the benefits of urban
farming?
"The ladies at the urban garden call me little-Mustafa-farmer. I go check on my squash four times a week to make sure that there are no bugs eating them. This squash is my favorite one because it was the first one that I planted. I did not know much about growing plants but thankfully Lala-Aicha was there to teach me how to water and take good care of my squash. I really like Lala-Aicha because she is way older than me and has a lot of stories that she tells me when we water out plants with the recycled water. I don't think I would have ever talked to her if it wasn't for the farm. I was surprised when I was riding my bike around the city one day and found this piece of land where a lot of people plant different vegetables. On my street we have large pots with flowers and little plants that all the neighbors water and take care of, but I have never seen vegetable being grown before. Lala-Aicha told me that this large garden is important because it is helping the weather and water in our city and helping poor people. I am really happy that this urban farm is in my city because that means that people that do not have a lot of money can plant their own food and at least have a few carrots to eat. I think it is cool that heaven is like a paradise with many beautiful trees, flowers, and lots of water. If we have also have gardens in heaven, I want to be the one in charge of squashes."
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Morocco is a North
African country that borders the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea and it has a population of approximately 35,233,642 people. The
growth rate of Morocco is 1.04% annually and that has been increasing for the past
few decades ("Morocco Population 2017"). One of the challenges that Morocco’s agriculture
production faces is water scarcity, which is a
direct effect of the country’s climate. Because water scarcity is such an
issue, the government decided to come up with a solution for it. As a solution,
the government proposed an irrigation system which is part of Morocco’s Green
Plan. The Green Plan’s main focus is on the productivity and exportation of
agricultural products in Morocco ("Growing Morocco's Agricultural
Potential”). Another solution to Morocco’s climate/water issue that could be implemented
into the Green Plan is the utilization of urban gardens in large cities. Casablanca,
one of Morocco’s largest cities, contains about 300,000 residents and has an on
and off project of having an urban garden. Agriculture can play
a determining role in sustainable, climate-optimized urban development, and Urban
Agriculture Casablanca has been a perfect example of that. Casablanca’s urban garden
was a program created by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research.
Urban Agriculture Casablanca was running for nine
years; there was a three-year preliminary project phase (07/2005 – 03/2008), a
main project phase for five years (04/2008 – 03/2013) and a one-year
prolongation phase (04/2013-03/2014). This project served many
purposes such as connecting the rural and urban parts of Casablanca, improving
the climate, and decreasing food insecurity. Connecting urban and rural areas
is a very important action in Morocco because there is a very noticeable distinction
between these areas. Due to urban agriculture benefiting the climate of
both the rural and urban areas, the water scarcity of the town decreased; not only the climate helped with this, but the people began to reuse
water more as well. Also, because this urban garden was in a regional area and
provided many people with more food, people of many ages and places in
Casablanca were able to collaborate in this project. Socially speaking, it was
very beneficial for so many people to be given the opportunity to benefit not
only their country but their family’s as well.
While the Urban
Agriculture Casablanca website contains helpful information about this project, it
is only able to provide some information; this is because there is a book on
the project that contains most information about it ("Urban
Agriculture as an Integrative Factor of Climate-Optimized Urban Development,
Casablanca"). Although it is written in Spanish, "Jardines de Marruecos,”
is an informative article about the differences in urban gardening in different cultures.
The article claimed the urban gardening known in western world is very different
from what people in Morocco believe urban gardens to be. In the western world, most
urban gardens are in places that are reserved to be used for agricultural
purposes only. In Morocco, many people see urban gardening as just having large
pots outside of their houses and alongside of the streets. The houses in
Morocco are very close to each other, so the plants that are along the streets become
everybody’s plants. One of the most famous plants to grow are
forestall trees which are admired for their beauty and their aroma. Some other popular
plants are basil, lavender, mint and verbena. Interestingly, the values of
gardens in Africa actually comes from their religion Islam. Islam portrays
heaven as a paradise that resembles a large garden of beautiful trees, flowers,
and water masses. Moroccan people do not always grow their food to eat it (with the
exception of some of course such as the one in Casablanca mentioned above) but
rather grow plants with aromas as well as flowers. With this being said, there
are slightly different variations of urban gardens and one special type of
urban gardening takes place in Morocco.
Works Cited:
A PDF summary of "Urban Agriculture as an Integrative
Factor of Climate-Optimized Urban Development, Casablanca" found in http://future-megacities.org/fileadmin/documents/forschungsergebnisse/aktuell/CAS-AB2.pdf
Bonells, José Elias. "Jardines de Marruecos."
Jardines sin fronteras. N.p., 14 Feb. 2017. Web. 10 Apr. 2017.
"Future Megacities – Urban Agriculture in Casablanca,
Morocco." Deutschland Blog. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Apr. 2017.iI
"Growing Morocco's Agricultural Potential." World
Bank. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Apr. 2017.
"Morocco Population 2017." Morocco Population
(2017) - World Population Review. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Apr. 2017.
"Urban Agriculture as an Integrative Factor of Climate-Optimized
Urban Development, Casablanca." Urban Agriculture Casablanca: Home. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 09 Apr. 2017.
Adam Funck Humans of Reno, Nevada
Humans of Reno, Nevada
I am a crop research student at The University of Nevada, Reno. Right now, we are working on improving yields and drought tolerance for teff, a staple crop of the Ethiopian diet. I decided to study this crop after I found out how important it is to Ethiopians. My passion for this crop came after I went to an Ethiopian restaurant in Columbus, Ohio, my hometown. I was talking to the owner of the restaurant, who is an immigrant from Ethiopia, and he told me that it was difficult to keep injera in stock because much of it is grown in Ethiopia but not much was being exported to the United States.
I had heard about Ethiopian food becoming popular in the United States and I wondered what the impact would be on teff production and trade. I found out that, “About 6.5 million Ethiopian households grow teff, which accounts for nearly 15 percent of all calories consumed in the country – much of it in the form of injera, a tart, spongy flatbread that is served with most meals. More than 90 percent of the world’s teff is grown in Ethiopia” (O’Connor). When I found out that teff is such an important part of Ethiopian culture, I wanted to do something to help. The government of Ethiopia has been trying to keep teff prices from rising by putting a ban on exports of raw teff from the country. “The Ethiopian government ended the export of raw teff in 2006, as rising grain prices prompted fears of a food crisis” (Nurse). That solves the problem of keeping teff prices low in Ethiopia, but there is a whole diaspora of Ethiopians around the world, as well as a growing number of people that just like Ethiopian cuisine. Some small amounts of injera are being produced in Ethiopia for export, but it is not enough. All of these people would like to have teff and currently production cannot keep up with this growing demand. I was talking to some professors and fellow students about this issue and people started getting excited. Many people that I talked to mentioned that this problem sounded a bit like the problem with quinoa. “Quinoa was a dietary staple in countries like Bolivia and Peru for centuries. But as the international appetite for it grew, there were media reports that it had become too pricey for many South Americans, including those who depend on it as part of their traditional diets” (O’Connor). I did not want this problem that happened with quinoa to be repeated with teff, and neither did my professors and colleagues. We decided to see how we could improve yields and increase drought tolerance. The varieties of teff that we are developing have a real potential to help increase the worldwide supply. The hope is that we can help farmers all over the world increase their teff production. We want to keep prices of teff reasonable for everyone, but especially Ethiopians, for whom the grain is so important culturally. There are farmers in Idaho, Texas, and even right here in Nevada, that would appreciate help in providing more teff for the growing demand in the United States. Even if we are only able to help a few farmers in the United States, it would help take some pressure off of the Ethiopians growing 90% of the world’s teff.
Written By: Adam Funck
Nurse, Earl. "The Ethiopian superfood that used to be banned." CNN. Cable News Network, 18 Dec. 2015. Web. 03 May 2017.
O'Connor, Anahad. "Is Teff the New Super Grain?" The New York Times. The New York Times, 16 Aug. 2016. Web. 03 May 2017.
Villarreal, Whip. "Researchers seek to improve teff grain production to help global food security." University of Nevada, Reno. University of Nevada, Reno, 22 Oct. 2015. Web. 03 May 2017.
Kenny L. Nelson_Final Project
References
Country profile - Democratic Republic of Congo. (2009). Retrieved April 10, 2017, from http://www.new-ag.info/en/country/profile.php?a=641
Food for Thought. (2001).The Washington Post. Retrieved April 10, 2017, from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-adv/specialsales/spotlight/congo/food.html
Kaswala, J. (2013). Poorest Country in the World: Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved April 10, 2017, from https://borgenproject.org/poorest-country-world-democratic-republic-congo/
Muwaw, A. (2016). AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY. Retrieved April 10, 2017, from https://www.usaid.gov/democratic-republic-congo/agriculture-and-food-security
Tampa, V. (2013). Congo, beyond the conflict: Six
reasons why it matters. Retrieved May 03, 2017, from
http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/28/opinion/congo-beyond-the-conflict/
Tuesday, May 2, 2017
People of South Sudan Kenny Hobrook Final Post
HUMANS OF SOUTH SUDAN
By Kenny Holbrook
ANR 286
4-27-2017
It is the world’s first famine since 2011, and it’s more dangerous than the last one since it is chock full of suffering. Spread all across the country of South Sudan, roughly 275,000 children are facing an impending risk of dying from malnutrition and starvation. Furthermore, up to 1 million adults are also on the threshold of succumbing to the harsh effects of famine, since they are incapable of meeting their own survival needs (Quinn).
“I thought if I never stopped moving, I couldn’t hold down my stress.”
- Ayana Ife, a Kenyan Nationalist
March 2017: United Nations Refugee Camp
Kakuma, Kenya
The fire popped throughout the night. Slowly hissing and dancing in its makeshift pit. Close by was Ayana Ife and her two sisters who had traveled many miles (on foot) to search a drought-stricken region for any type of wood to make charcoal. When the charcoal cools down enough to carry, Ayana proceeds to the United Nations refugee camp in Kakuma, a town in northwestern Kenya, where she will trade it for food for herself and family. A vessel of the coals allows her to bring back two helpings of dried beans or millet.
"Trading with refugees is all we have left," she said. "But it is fewer and farther in between. The refugees are making their own coals now, leaving us with nothing."
This has become a reoccurring theme around the camp. Everyday more and more refugees pour into the gates creating more competition for folks like Ayana. The already very limited resources with the two separated worlds are becoming harder to come by.
"We can't command the refugees to go back home, but it is becoming a problem for the locals," Ayana said.
"My government has to help us. The refugees are becoming destructive toward our environment and resources. They are stealing the few animals that we have left for meat. Then they intimidate and make threats against us when we demand them back."
Many scientists believe that one of the contributing factors that has led to the severe famine in South Sudan is climate change intertwined with the “slash and burn” agriculture that is practiced (Yeo). Recently published study from NASA demonstrates how agricultural fires in Northern Africa can vastly decrease the area's annual rain totals, especially during the dry season. This is a prime example of how humans can inadvertently alter a region’s weather and local climate. The report is the first to use information from satellite to show how the smoke from these fires directly affects an area’s rainfall (Rasmussen).
Every year, over half of Earth’s fires are on the continent of Africa. For many centuries, African men and women have set ablaze the land to boost their agriculture production. The smoke from these fires combines into huge columns creating far-ranging effects that directly influence the weather, area rainfall, and providing nutrients to other regions that are downwind. According to NASA scientist Michael Tosca, "Less clouds and rainfall dry out the land and make it easier for farmers to ignite more fires, which data show they probably do. The added burning deepens and strengthens the effect and could lead to regional climate warming over time” (Rasmussen).
This shifting weather pattern can be one of the numerous culprits that started the power struggle between South Sudan’s President Salva Kiir Mayardit and Ex-Vice President Riek Machar that has led to war within its borders and causing food supplies to be distributed among the fighting factions (Deng) (Mayom).
“The war has been taking all of the food from the South Sudan people,” says Ayana. “They feel like the only chances for their survival is for them to escape across the border of their neighboring countries. Many of the refugees carry a lot of suppressed anger when they arrive and take it out on us Kenyans.”
Works Cited
Deng, Emmanuel Ariech. "South Sudan Sovereignty Has Been Hijacked by Power Struggle.” PaanLuel Wël: South Sudanese Bloggers. WordPress, 23 June 2016. Web. 27 Apr. 2017. https://paanluelwel.com/2016/06/23/south-sudan-sovereignty-has-been-hijacked-by-power-struggle/
Mayom, Jok. "Famine Looms in South Sudan as Government Devotes Resources to War Effort." The Washington Times. The Washington Times, 29 Mar. 2017. Web. 26 Apr. 2017. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/mar/29/south-sudan-famine-looms-as-government-devotes-res/
Quinn, Ben. "Famine Declared in South Sudan." The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 20 Feb. 2017. Web. 26 Apr. 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/feb/20/famine-declared-in-south-sudan
Rasmussen, Carol. "In Africa, More Smoke Leads to Less Rain." Global Climate Change. NASA, 05 Aug. 2015. Web. 27 Apr. 2017. https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2320/in-africa-more-smoke-leads-to-less-rain/
Yeo, Sophie. "Climate Impacts Fueling South Sudan War Says Minister." Climate Home. Global Environment Facility, 30 May 2014. Web. 29 Apr. 2017. http://www.climatechangenews.com/2014/05/30/climate-impacts-fuelling-south-sudan-war-says-minister/
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